iphones in particular do not pair with other phones over bluetooth, and especially not with phones of a different brand (they cite security as the reasoning for this) Unfortunately there is no way to rectify this
Is everything in your computer working? If it is then it's most likely just a screw. Check all the keys and speakers or anything that you can verify is working from the outside
Currently it is not possible to buy new wristbands for the surge, they may be coming out with wristbands in the future but there has been no evidence to suggest this. Due to the way in which the surge is screwed into its' wristband unlike the flex which just pops in they may not intend to make replacement wristbands.
It likely has something to do with the small microchip on the cartridge, When you got the cartridge out of the packet did you accidentally damage the small microchip on the bottom near the spot where the ink comes out? Alternatively check where that microchip would line up in the printer, you may have damaged the sensor. Also is the cartridge actually made by HP? The reason for those chips is to ensure you can't use a better or cheaper cartridge. Finally check to see if you have the right cartridge, it may be the wrong size/type, but still fit in, look up your printer online and see if the cartridge you bought matches up.
Yes, it will be absolutely fine, the "fingerprint" sensor is completely independent of the screen, so as long as it is disassembled and put together properly there should be no issue.
With the update it depends on how old it is, I am unsure of when the ipod touch 4th gen came out, but if it is too old you will be unable to update (Essentially a way for apple to con you into buying a new one). If there is no option to update in settings or in itunes when plugged into a computer then it is likely you cannot upgrade. As for the not downloading music problem I am unsure. Do you have any more information on that?