DSi: bottom screen flashes + stripped screw

Hello, good day.

I have a pretty old Nintendo DSi system with lots of old memories. Unfortunately, it started to not boot after a couple of years. The bottom screen will flash white while the top stays black and it’ll power off. I tried opening the system up to see what the issue is, but one of the screws on the back accidentally got stripped due to some pieces of the rubber getting stuck in the hole (the right one circled in the image).

How would I go about opening the system up with a stripped screw? Would I just have to force pry the back off or would it damage the motherboard? Even when I do get it off, what should I look for?

Any recommendations will do.