Crashes halfway while booting, but hard drive is okay

Hey guys,

i have a macbook pro 13' 2010. Yesterday it suddenly crashed and when i wanted to boot, there was a folder with a question mark on it.

I tried going in recovery mode but that doesn't worked. I had a Mac OS X Install DVD, so i tried that and it worked. But the installation process couldn't find my hard drive. Then i opened Disk Utility and saw my hard drive. I wanted to reset it, but that also would work. I got a “input/output” error. Partitioning also wouldn't work, i got the same error message. I googled it and they would say that the hard drive could be dead. But the SMART Status of the drive was Verified and okay.

So i decided to remove the hard drive and connect it with a other macbook. And it worked, i could reset the drive and also installed macOS High Sierra on it. I booted it with USB on the same Macbook and everything worked just fine.

Then i built it in the 'damaged' macbook and wanted to boot it. But now, halfways at the loading screen, it suddenly crashes and wants to restart the macbook. But the same thing happens again.

So the hard drive itself is working. Could it be, that the Sata cable is damaged or something even worse? Is there a way to test the cable?

Thanks for your help !!

Edit: I did a full Apple Hardware Test, it lasted 1 hour and it didn't found any problems. Really strange.